Jan 08, · Alcohol Intake and Obesity: Experimental Evidence. Several experimental studies have been conducted to examine the short-term effect of alcohol intake on feeding behavior and appetite control [3•, 5].A recent review summarized a number of these studies, showing that alcohol ingested before a meal has frequently been shown to have a neutral effect on intake, or to increase intake, Oct 28, · Some common research paper topics include abortion, birth control, child abuse, gun control, history, climate change, social media, AI, global warming, health, science, and technology. But we have many more! On this page, we have hundreds of good research paper topics across a wide range of subject fields. Each of these topics could be used Top Psychology Research Paper Topics In However, before you even turn to our academic writing company for help, why don’t you analyze these psychology topics for a research paper? These are psychology research paper topics for college students and are % free to use
Alcohol Consumption and Obesity: An Update
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Given that both excessive alcohol intake and obesity are of public health interest, research paper in obesity, the present paper provides an update on the association between alcohol consumption and body weight. In general, recent prospective studies show that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is research paper in obesity associated with adiposity gain while heavy drinking is more consistently related to weight gain.
Experimental evidence is also mixed and suggests that moderate intake of alcohol does not lead to weight gain over short follow-up periods. However, many factors can explain the conflicting findings and a better characterization of individuals more likely to gain weight as a result of alcohol consumption is needed. In particular, individuals who frequently drink moderate amounts of alcohol may enjoy a healthier lifestyle in general that may protect them from weight gain. In conclusion, despite the important limitations of current studies, research paper in obesity, it is reasonable to research paper in obesity that alcohol intake may be a risk factor for obesity in some individuals, likely based on a multitude of factors, some of which are discussed herein.
Alcoholic beverages have been consumed by humans since prehistoric times for a variety of reasons. Nowadays, recreational alcohol intake is common across the globe and health and social problems resulting from alcohol consumption are becoming a concern [ 1 ].
Although moderate alcohol use is recommended, excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of premature death in the United States behind smoking and obesity [ 2 ]. Based on the fact that 1 gram of alcohol provides 7. However, a clear cause-and-effect association between alcohol intake and weight gain is not apparent based on the mixed and conflicting available evidence on the topic. Given that both excessive alcohol intake and obesity are of public health concern, a better understanding of the association between alcohol consumption and excess body weight is warranted.
Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide an update on the link between alcohol intake and obesity.
Furthermore, factors that may explain the conflicting findings in this research area are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided to promote a better understanding of the possible obesity-promoting effects of energy intake from alcohol. Observational studies on the effect of alcohol intake on obesity date back almost 30 years [ 6 ]. It has been examined across small and large cohorts, in many countries, across various ethnicities and age groups [ 4 ].
Among cross-sectional studies, a common trend appears to be that alcohol intake is not associated with body mass index BMI in men, while either negatively research paper in obesity not associated with BMI in women [ 4 ].
Indeed, several cohorts ranging from 10, toindividuals have shown no correlation or a small negative correlation between alcohol intake and BMI in men, and a small negative association with BMI in women [ 6 — 13 ]. Other studies have found that alcohol intake is positively correlated with BMI in men or in both sexes; however, an analysis of recent studies suggests that this may be due to differences in intake patterns [ 47 ].
For instance, several studies in adults have found that the amount or intensity of drinking per drinking occasion is positively correlated with BMI, while the frequency of drinking is negatively correlated, suggesting that frequent light drinking might offer a protective effect [ 14 — 16 ].
Furthermore, several studies have found that only excessive or heavy drinking is correlated with increased measures of adiposity. Similarly, Coulson et al. Other studies have shown J-shaped curves when comparing BMI, WC, and WHR among male and female drinkers, with light drinking being negatively associated with adiposity indicators compared to heavy drinking, or abstention [ 19 — 23 ], research paper in obesity. To test the proposal that patterns of alcohol intake may be an important influence on overweight and obesity, several recent studies research paper in obesity examined the effects of binge drinking, research paper in obesity.
Most recently, Sheldon and Knott [ 24 ] recorded the energy intake from alcohol on the days that individuals had their highest intake. Binge drinking has been research paper in obesity with greater risk of obesity and large WC in other studies [ 1925 ].
Also, Fan et al. Despite the recent body of cross-sectional evidence suggesting the benign or potentially protective effect of frequent light drinking on body weight and obesity, several studies have found conflicting results.
Sung et al. However, the BMI of the highest drinking group varied only by 0. In overweight participants this relationship was even less pronounced a difference research paper in obesity 0. Alcacera et al. Vagstrand et al. Finally, Croezen et al. Among 15—16 year olds, however, they found a J-shape relationship, with only the heaviest drinkers having a higher risk of overweight [ 20 ].
This suggests that there may be differences in alcohol metabolism between age groups; however, it is important to note that this study assessed only the amount of alcohol per drinking occasion, and not drinking frequency patterns. Overall, the majority of cross-sectional studies since have demonstrated that frequent light to moderate alcohol intake does not seem to be associated with obesity risk. Heavy drinking and binge drinking, however, are more likely to carry such an association with excess body weight [ 1619research paper in obesity, 22 — 25 ].
Alcohol intake may also promote overweight and higher body fat percentage in adolescents or older adults [ 202829 ]. These studies are limited in their ability to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships or changes in weight status over time. Thus, a thorough review of recent prospective studies is also important.
Prospective studies have looked at the association between alcohol intake and adiposity gain in various populations, with follow-up research paper in obesity ranging from several months to 20 years [ 43031 ]. Results of these studies have been varied and do not provide a clear picture. Several studies have found no association or a negative association between alcohol intake and changes in weight, BMI or other measures of adiposity [ 123032 — 39 ].
Other studies have found research paper in obesity an association only in women, while finding a positive association between obesity risk and alcohol intake in men [ 40 ]. Conversely, one study found no association between alcohol intake and increases in WC in men, but a small positive association in women [ 41 ].
There have also been recent research paper in obesity that have found a general positive association between alcohol intake and weight gain [ 42 ]. Changes in alcohol intake patterns have been associated with weight gain in prospective studies [ 153143 ]. French et al. They noted, however, research paper in obesity the differences were relatively modest [ 15 research paper in obesity. Mozafarrian et al. Over four years each increase of one drink per day was associated with a predicted increase of approximately 0.
This relationship was strongest for beer, suggesting a possible influence for the type of alcohol ingested [ 31 ].
MacInnis et al. Sayon-Orea et al. Shütze et al. However, research paper in obesity, conversely, in women they found a dose—response relationship between beer intake and weight gain and WC gain [ 47 ]. There are many reasons as to why the relationship between alcohol and adiposity varies between men and women, involving genetic and lifestyle factors, some of which will be discussed in depth below.
As with cross-sectional studies, the way by which alcohol intake is measured and categorized likely influences the interpretation of the results. Conversely, other studies examined alcohol intake more thoroughly, considering frequency and amount per drinking day separately [ 15 ].
Heavy drinking, however, has been more consistently associated with weight gain [ 45 — 47 ]. Furthermore, increases in alcohol intake patterns appear to promote weight gain [ 153143 ]. Binge drinking behavior was not specifically examined in any of the recent prospective studies analyzed. A recent review summarized a number of these studies, showing that alcohol ingested before a meal has frequently been shown to have a neutral effect on intake, or to increase intake, despite the added energy that come from the alcohol preload [ 5 ].
In these studies, alcohol appears to have no effect on appetite, or to increase appetite [ 5 ]. However, to date there have been few intervention studies conducted to experimentally examine the effects of regular alcohol intake on weight gain or obesity in humans. There were no significant changes in weight for normal weight participants over the four-week intervention study.
They however noted that about half of the obese participants gained weight, with the largest weight gain being 1. In a randomized crossover study, Cordain et al.
They noted that self-reported nutrient intake and physical activity did not differ between conditions, although there may have been dietary compensation that was not accurately reported by their 3-day food logs [ 49 ]. Similarly, Cordain et al. Also, Beulens et al. The effect of beer intake was examined by Romeo et al.
Biceps skin fold was the only anthropometric measurement that was increased in their participants after the beer drinking condition [ 52 ]. Fletchner-Mors et al. In this case both diets were isoenergetic so this is not a surprising result, as the thermic effect of food was likely higher for white wine than grape juice [ 5354 ].
Finally, more recently, Cresci et al. Overall, the available experimental evidence reviewed in this article suggests that moderate intake of alcohol does not lead to weight gain. The systematic review by Bendsen et al. Also, the intervention periods in the aforementioned studies ranged from 4—10 weeks, and therefore may not have been long enough to identify the slight changes in weight that can accumulate over time to result in overweight or obesity, research paper in obesity.
A modest increase in weight of one kilogram over a 10 week period seems insignificant but over five years this could result in up to 26 kg of weight gain if no compensation takes place. Summary of trends in cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies examining the link between alcohol intake and measures of adiposity. Colditz et al.
Gruchow et al. Williamson et al. Croezen et al. Liangpunsakul [ 9 ] BMI, WHR. Rohrer et al. Skrzypczak et al. Duvigneaud et al. Lukasiewicz et al. Wakabayashi [ 23 ] WC.
Tolstrup et al. Coulson et al. Arabshahi [ 32 ] Change in BMI, WC. alkjaer et al.
Obesity: It’s More Complex than You Think - Fatima Cody Stanford -- Radcliffe Institute
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Apr 07, · Therefore, writing a decent research paper on genetics is quite an adventure today. Note that choosing the right topic will reduce the difficulty of writing your research. Also, make sure that the topic has sufficient reliable resources before you start writing. Genetics and obesity. Genetics and Autism. Genetics and Schizophrenia. Pros and How many pages is a word essay how to write a personal essay youtube, reaction essay examples Obesity topics essays research | for english example different essay. Lohri essay in hindi 10 lines far away from home essay? Essay on what i do on saturday upsc essay question paper pdf, english is a global language short essay Jan 08, · Alcohol Intake and Obesity: Experimental Evidence. Several experimental studies have been conducted to examine the short-term effect of alcohol intake on feeding behavior and appetite control [3•, 5].A recent review summarized a number of these studies, showing that alcohol ingested before a meal has frequently been shown to have a neutral effect on intake, or to increase intake,
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